why are prefixes not used in naming ionic compounds

3H + N2 2NH3 Aluminum Oxide. Then, assign a prefix based on the list at the beginning of this article (mono for 1, di for 2, et cetera). When naming ionic compounds, why do we not use prefixes (mono-di-, tri-, etc.) This system recognizes that many metals have two common cations. For more information, see our tutorial on naming ionic compounds. without charges, this is not possible in molecular compounds so prefixes are used. This system is used only for elements that form more than one common positive ion. These anions are called oxyanions. When naming binary ionic compounds, name the cation first (specifying the charge, if necessary), then the nonmetal anion (element stem + -ide). di- 7. hepta-3. Why are Greek prefixes not used in naming ionic compounds? Do you use prefixes when naming covalent compounds? Naming ionic compounds (practice) | Khan Academy Compounds made of a metal and nonmetal are commonly known as Ionic Compounds, where the compound name has an ending of ide. When naming ionic compounds, why do we not use prefixes (mono-di-, tri-, etc.) The second system, called the common system, is not conventional but is still prevalent and used in the health sciences. A chemical formula is written from the chemical symbols of elements which constitute the compound. The number of atoms are written as subscripts to their chemical symbols. $%t_Um4hET2q4^ _1!C_ A lot of energy is needed to. Subscripts in the formula do not affect the name. After learning a few more details about the names of individual ions, you will be one step away from knowing how to name ionic compounds. Atoms are electrically neutral because the number of protons, which carry a 1+ charge, in the nucleus of an atom is equal to the number of electrons, which carry a 1- charge, in the atom. There is chemistry all around us every day, even if we dont see it. Example: FeCl3 is ferric chloride or iron(III) chloride. Prefixes are used in the names of binary compounds to indicate the number of atoms of each nonmetal present. The naming system is used by determining the number of each atom in the compound. 6 When do you use prefixes for molecular compounds? Question: Using a maximum of ten sentences, respond to one of the two prompts. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Recommendations 1990, Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications. two ions can combine in only one combination. Some elements, like carbon, bond differently than most others. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. 10. , What errors can you come across when reading a thermometer, How many Hydrogen atoms in the formula 4H3O2. Aluminum Trioxide, it is an ionic compound. to indicate the amount of each ion indie compound? In the case where there is a series of four oxyanions, the hypo- and per- prefixes are used in conjunction with the -ite and -ate suffixes. Some anions have multiple forms and are named accordingly with the use of roman numerals in parentheses. % Aluminum oxide is an ionic compound. Naming Compounds | Boundless Chemistry | | Course Hero Covalent bonds are molecules made up of non-metals that are linked together by shared electrons. The reactants contain a t Why was the prefix 'bi' used in compounds, such as for bicarb of soda? Why are prefixes used in naming covalent compounds? The cation takes exactly the same name as its element. naming ionic compounds, but are used in naming binary molecular The above list shows the 10 most basic chemistry prefixes for naming compounds, which come from Greek. Focuses on when to use Greek prefixes and Roman numerals, and how to quickl. Carbonyl Compounds - Reactants, Catalysts and Products To name acids, the prefix hydro- is placed in front of the nonmetal modified to end with ic. It is just like an ionic compound except that the element further down and to the left on the periodic table is listed first and is named with the element name. What is the mass of 7.28 mol of copper (II) nitrate. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? 6. Name the second element as if it were an anion that uses the -ide ending. Ba 3 As 2 is simply called "barium arsenide." Note that arsenic gets the "ide" suffix because it is an element. 1. " mono-" indicates one, "di-" indicates two, "tri-" is three, "tetra-" is four, "penta-" is five, and "hexa-" is six, "hepta-" is seven, "octo-" is eight, "nona-" is nine, and "deca" is ten. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Because the rules of nomenclature say so. Sodium forms only a 1+ ion, so there is no ambiguity about the name sodium ion. Sodium forms only a 1+ ion, so there is no ambiguity about the name sodium ion. When naming ionic compounds, list the cation first and the anion second. You will also learn the basics of these chemistry prefixes and how they are applicable in the real world today! In general, the prefix mono- is rarely used. It is important to include (aq) after the acids because the same compounds can be written in gas phase with hydrogen named first followed by the anion ending with ide. Naming monatomic ions and ionic compounds - Khan Academy The first compound is composed of copper 1+ ions bonded to choride 1 . This is indicated by assigning a Roman numeral after the metal. Write the proper name for each ionic compound. Polyatomic ions & Common polyatomic ions (article) | Khan Academy Example Fe2+ is Iron(II). Solved 3.24 Determine the charge on copper in each of the | Chegg.com C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy In polyatomic ions, polyatomic (meaning two or more atoms) are joined together by covalent bonds. Why are prefixes not used in naming ionic compounds? A - Brainly.com Legal. What holds the packing in a stuffing box? Positive and negative charges must balance. A binary ionic compound is a compound composed of a monatomic metal cation and a monatomic nonmetal anion. For example, NaOH is sodium hydroxide, KOH is potassium hydroxide, and Ca(OH) 2 is calcium hydroxide. Prefixes can be shortened when the ending vowel of the prefix "conflicts" with a starting vowel in the compound. We encounter many ionic compounds every. Mono is not used to name the first element. 2. Yes, the name for water using the rules for chemical nomenclature is dihydrogen monoxide. The Roman numeral denotes the charge and the oxidation state of the transition metal ion. The metal is changed to end in ous or ic. Why are prefixes not needed in naming ionic compounds? The method for naming polyatomic ionic compounds is the same as for binary ionic compounds. The name of a monatomic anion consists of the stem of the element name, the suffix -ide, and then the word ion. Ionic compound base names contain two words: The first word is the name of the cation. Do you use prefixes when naming ionic compounds? Add the name of the non-metal with an -ide ending. Predict the charge on monatomic ions. 3 Ways to Name Ionic Compounds - wikiHow Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, London:Portland Press, 1992. This system is used commonly in naming acids, where H2SO4 is commonly known as Sulfuric Acid, and H2SO3 is known as Sulfurous Acid. b. Do you use Greek prefixes when naming a compound? You add. When naming binary ionic compounds, name the cation first (specifying the charge, if necessary), then the nonmetal anion (element stem + -ide). Inorganic compounds are compounds that do not deal with the formation of carbohydrates, or simply all other compounds that do not fit into the description of an organic compound. You add prefixes ONLY to covalent. Understandably, the rules for naming organic compounds are a lot more complex than for normal, small molecules. Example: The bleaching agent sodium hypochlorite is NaClO. There are a few easy steps that you can use for chemistry prefixes. In all cases, ionic compound naming gives the positively charged cation first, followed by the negatively charged anion. In many cases, nonmetals form more than one binary compound, so prefixes are used to distinguish them. Nitrogen triiodide is the inorganic compound with the formula NI3. Weak bases made of ionic compounds are also named using the ionic naming system. 2 0 obj Yes, the name for water using the rules for chemical nomenclature is dihydrogen monoxide. Chemistry Prefixes | ChemTalk Comment on the feasibility of a naming scheme where hydro is used. mono- indicates one, di- indicates two, tri- is three, tetra- is four, penta- is five, and hexa- is six, hepta- is seven, octo- is eight, nona- is nine, and deca is ten. One example is the ammonium sulfate compound in Figure $\PageIndex{6}$. Thus, Na+ is the sodium ion, Al3+ is the aluminum ion, Ca2+ is the calcium ion, and so forth. The following table lists the most common prefixes for binary covalent compounds. How do you write diphosphorus trioxide? Prefixes are not used in naming ionic compounds, but are used in naming binary molecular compounds. Dihydrogen dioxide, H2O2, is more commonly called hydrogen dioxide or hydrogen peroxide. Using the names of the ions, this ionic compound is named calcium chloride. They are named by first the cation, then the anion. mono- indicates one, di- indicates two, tri- is three, tetra- is four, penta- is five, and hexa- is six, hepta- is seven, octo- is eight, nona- is nine,. Molecular compounds do not have such constraints and therefore must use prefixes to denote the number of atoms present. Use just the element name. The NO 3- ion, for example, is the nitrate ion. Please note that ionic compounds (Type I & II binary compound names) never use prefixes to specify how many times an element is present. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "How to Name Ionic Compounds." Non-metals, in general, share electrons, form covalent bonds, and form molecular compounds. For example- Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions Ionic compounds are formed when metals combine with polyatomic ions. 8 When do you use prefixes to name an element? Although HF can be named hydrogen fluoride, it is given a different name for emphasis that it is an acid. Lastly, you will be given different examples to practice with naming chem prefixes. If there is not a prefix before the first element, it is assumed that there is only one atom of that element. Comment on the feasibility of a naming scheme where hydro is used when naming oxyacids and omitted when naming binary acids. Chemical formula of a compound is used to identify a compound and distinguishes it from other compounds. Why are prefixes used in naming covalent compounds? For example, NO2 would be called nitrogen dioxide, not mononitrogen dioxide. Once you have determined each prefix, you need to add the ide suffix if the second name in the compound is an element (this is sometimes not the case for more complex molecules). Common polyatomic ions. First name the element that is leftmost on the periodic table. tri- 8. octa-4. since iron can form more than one charge. Example: The classic example is the chemical name for water, H2O, which is dihydrogen monoxide or dihydrogen oxide. Yes, the name for water using the rules for chemical nomenclature is dihydrogen monoxide. ThoughtCo. compounds include prefixes that indicate the number of atoms in the Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/ionic-compound-nomenclature-608607. For example, consider FeCl2 and FeCl3 . Roman numerals are used in naming ionic compounds when the metal cation forms more than one ion. Iron can also have more than one possible charge. In the second compound, the iron ion has a 3+ charge, as indicated by the three Cl ions in the formula. This occurs because if the atoms formed an ionic bond, then it would have already become a compound, thus not needing to gain or loose any electrons. Key Terms However, these compounds have many positively and negatively charged particles. We do not call the Na+ ion the sodium(I) ion because (I) is unnecessary. to indicate the number of that element in the molecule. If they combine with chlorine, we can have "CuCl" and "CuCl"_2". The prefix hypo - is used to indicate the very lowest oxidation state. Pls Upvote. https://www.thoughtco.com/ionic-compound-nomenclature-608607 (accessed March 5, 2023). How are prefixes used to name compounds? - Quora Therefore, the proper name for this ionic compound is cobalt(III) oxide. The prefixes are written at the beginning of the name of each element, with the exception of the prefix mono-, which is not used for the first element. hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. 2. Polyatomic anions are more common than polyatomic cations as shown in the chart below. A covalent compound is usually composed of two or more nonmetal elements. 3 Ways to Name Chemical Compounds - wikiHow What is chemical formula? You use a variety of different compounds in every day life! See polyatomic ion for a list of possible ions. The prefix per - (as in hyper-) is used to indicate the very highest oxidation state. Do NOT use prefixes to indicate how many of each element is present; this information is implied in the name of the compound. These are two different compounds that need two different names. c. Neither charge is an exact multiple of the other, so we have to go to the least common multiple of 6. tetra- 9. nona-5. Naming Ionic Compounds Using-ous and -ic, Naming Ionic Compounds Using-ite and -ate, Naming Ionic Compounds Using hypo- and per-, Ionic Compounds Containing bi- and di- Hydrogen. Nomenclature - Purdue University 7 Do you use Greek prefixes when naming a compound? These compounds are neutral overall. For ionic, just add the Why are prefixes used in naming covalent compounds? Prefixes are used to denote the number of atoms 4. Write the non-metal's name with an "-ide" ending. The cation is named first, followed by the anion. Why are prefixes not used in naming ionic compounds. 5. Common exceptions exist for naming molecular compounds, where trivial or common names are used instead of systematic names, such as ammonia (NH 3) instead of nitrogen trihydride or water (H 2 O) instead of dihydrogen monooxide. When naming molecular compounds prefixes are used to dictate the number of a given element present in the compound. A molecular compound consists of molecules whose formula represent the actual number of atoms bonded together in that molecule. Answers. The name of the second element loses one or two syllables and ends in the suffix -ide. However, it is virtually never called that. Traditional naming Simple ionic compounds. Such acids include sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or carbonic acid (H2CO3). Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Name the non-metal furthest to the left on the periodic table by its elemental name. Atom the smallest unit of a chemical element, made from protons, neutrons, and electrons, Prefixes the name that comes before the molecule, Compounds a chemical species composed of two or more elements, Periodic table a table of chemical elements that is arranged in order of atomic number, Oxidation State a number assigned to an element that represents the number of electrons lost or gained, Transition Metal elements from the d-block of the periodic table, which can have more than one configuration of valence electrons, Roman Numerals tells you the oxidation state of the transition metal ion, Element a substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler components. The process of naming ionic compounds with polyatomic ions is the same as naming binary ionic compounds. to indicate the amount of each ion indie compound? uddPlBAl(|!n mEUCUCqXZD:0r>gGd`\' ]$"jA2,MT`1~YvR"2IuNr:;q Do NOT use prefixes to indicate how many of each element is present; this information is implied in the name of the compound. Naming ionic compounds with -ide and -ate - BBC Bitesize To name them, follow these quick, simple rules: 1. PDF Rules for naming compounds 2010 - Creighton University If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The name of the compound is aluminum phosphate. In the first compound, the iron ion has a 2+ charge because there are two Cl ions in the formula (1 charge on each chloride ion). Try these next 3 examples on your own to see how you do with naming compounds! It is common in organic chemistry and with a few other molecular species, to name the compound using a prefix such as di, tri, tetra etc to indicate the positions of moieties in the molecule. For example, we might think to call C2H6 dicarbon hexahydride, but in reality its called ethane. Naming monatomic ions and ionic compounds. An exploration of carbonyl compounds as catalysts, including acid catalyzed reactions with -CO2H and reactions via carbonyl and hydroxyl groups recycling A practical discussion of the synthetic applications of carbonyl compounds, including the synthesis of functional molecules and the synthesis of functional materials It is still common to see and use the older naming convention in which the prefix bi- is used to indicate the addition of a single hydrogen ion. Remember that this rule only applies to the first element of the two. Ionic compounds have the simplest naming convention: nothing gets a prefix. , The equation below represents a chemical reaction that occurs in living cells. Thus, we need a different name for each iron ion to distinguish Fe2+ from Fe3+. It is an ionic compound, therefore no prefixes The hypo- and per- prefixes indicate less oxygen and more oxygen, respectively. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Names and formulas of ionic compounds. Do you use prefixes when naming covalent compounds? To get 6+, three iron(II) ions are needed, and to get 6, two phosphate ions are needed . In many cases, the stem of the element name comes from the Latin name of the element. There are two rules that must be followed through: Na+ + Cl- = NaCl; Ca2+ + 2Br- = CaBr2, Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride; Calcium + Bromine = Calcium Bromide. When naming ionic compounds, why do we not use prefixes (mono-di-, tri-, etc.) Prefixes are used to denote the number of atoms. Naming Ionic Compounds - Nomenclature Rules - Science Notes and Projects Chlorine becomes chloride. For example, #"O"_2"# is sometimes called dioxygen. (1990). Use the prefixes mono-, di-, tri-. Prefixes should not be used to indicate how many of each element is present; this information is implied in the compound's name. To make life easier, you dont need to include the prefix mono for the first element of the two. The polyatomic ions have their own characteristic names, as discussed earlier. What is a the prefix we use to indicate 4 in covalent naming? those for naming ionic compounds. An ionic compound is a chemical compound held together by ionic bonding. compounds for easier identification. The ammonium ion has a 1+ charge and the sulfide ion has a 2 charge. Note: when the addition of the Greek prefix places two vowels adjacent to one another, the "a" (or the "o") at the end of the Greek prefix is usually dropped; e.g., "nonaoxide" would be written as "nonoxide", and "monooxide" would be written as . We do not call the Na + ion the sodium (I) ion because (I) is unnecessary. Regards. To use the rules for naming ionic compounds. The common system uses two suffixes (-ic and -ous) that are appended to the stem of the element name. 2. Although they belong to the transition metal category, these metals do not have Roman numerals written after their names because these metals only exist in one ion. This differentiates polyatomic ions from monatomic ions, which contain only one atom. Inorganic compounds, the topic of this section, are every other molecule that does not include these distinctive carbon and hydrogen structures. Question: 3.24 Determine the charge on copper in each of the following ionic compounds: (a) CuCl2 (b) CuzN (c) Cuo (d) Cu 3.25 Determine the charge on iron in each of the following ionic compounds: (a) Fe 0; (b) FeCl, (c) Fe (d) FeN SECTION 3.3: NAMING IONS AND BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS 3.26 Why do we not use Greek prefixes to specify the number of ions of each type when For ionic, just add the Chemistry: What's in a Name? Ionic Nomenclature Explanation: Greek prefixes are used for binary (two element) molecular compounds. The second component of an ionic compound is the non-metal anion. Write the correct name for these compounds. 8. The rules for naming binary molecular compounds are similar to What is the correct name for Al(NO3)3? 4 Which element comes first in a covalent compound? %PDF-1.3 The name of the compound is simply the name of the positive element followed by the name of the negative element adding the -ide suffix: MgF 2 (Magnesium Fluoride), AlCl 3 (Aluminum Chloride), or Al 2 O 3 (Aluminum Oxide) Notice that in ionic nomenclature you do not use the Greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms in the molecule. Now that we're familiar with polyatomic ions, let's learn how to name ionic compounds when given their chemical formulas by using the following steps: Step 1 Determine the "base name" of the ionic compound. 9th. The name of a monatomic cation is simply the name of the element followed by the word ion. In this compound, the cation is based on nickel. In naming ionic compounds, we always name the _____ first. Pui Yan Ho (UCD), Alex Moskaluk (UCD), Emily Nguyen (UCD). Ionic compounds with transition metals will contain prefixes to denote oxidation states, but those are not prefixes. If we were to use the stems and suffixes of the common system, the names would be ferrous chloride and ferric chloride, respectively (Figure $\PageIndex{3}$) . Covalent or Molecular Compound Properties, Empirical Formula: Definition and Examples, Why the Formation of Ionic Compounds Is Exothermic, The Difference Between a Cation and an Anion, Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds, Compounds With Both Ionic and Covalent Bonds, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. Legal. 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https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FCollege_of_Marin%2FCHEM_114%253A_Introductory_Chemistry%2F05%253A_Molecules_and_Compounds%2F5.07%253A_Naming_Ionic_Compounds, $ \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}$ $ \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} $$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $ \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $ \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$ $ \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $ \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$ $ \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $ \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $ \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$ $ \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $ \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$ $ \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}$, Example $\PageIndex{3}$: Naming Ionic Compounds, Example $\PageIndex{5}$: Naming Ionic Compounds, Naming Binary Ionic Compounds with a Metal that Forms Only One Type of Cation, Naming Binary Ionic Compounds with a Metal That Forms More Than One Type of Cation, Naming Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions, 1.4: The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think, Chapter 2: Measurement and Problem Solving, 2.2: Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers, 2.3: Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision, 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions, 2.7: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems, 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map, 2.E: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises), 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas, 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition, 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties, 3.6: Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes, 3.7: Conservation of Mass: There is No New Matter, 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change, 3.10: Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms, 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations, 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons, 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons, 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table, 4.8: Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies, 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms, 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition, 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds, 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds, 5.5: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds, 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit, 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors, 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds, 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula, 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds, 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds, 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents, 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations, 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water, 7.6: Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid, 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations, 7.8: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions, Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions, 8.1: Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide, 8.3: Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions, 8.4: Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions, 8.5: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield, 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants, 8.7: Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction, Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table, 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom, 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals, 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations, 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table, 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model, 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character, 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots, 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred, 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared, 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds, 10.6: Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule, 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Dont Mix, 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases, 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions, 11.5: Charless Law: Volume and Temperature, 11.6: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure, 11.7: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature, 11.9: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles, 11.10: Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen, Chapter 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces, 12.3: Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity, 12.6: Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, DipoleDipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole, 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic, 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy, 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz, 13.5: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent, 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter, 13.10: Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration, 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies, 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases, 14.6: AcidBase Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution, 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity, 14.10: Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change, status page at https://status.libretexts.org.