Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 6: Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 7: Communication in Relationships, Chapter 11: Informative and Persuasive Speaking, Chapter 12: Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Chapter 14: Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups, Chapter 15: Media, Technology, and Communication, Table 8.1 Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1615183,00.html, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/census-data-reveals-changed-american-landscape/story?id=13206427, http://www.opm.gov/hrd/lead/policy/divers97.asp#PART%20B, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/19/AR2008011901899_pf.html, Next: 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Feminism as an intellectual and social movement advanced womens rights and our overall understanding of gender. The Trail of Tears refer to the route of the Cherokee people on their forced march to a reservation west of the Mississippi in the 183018301830s. All of these choices are correct. How we communicate, as well as how our communication is received by others, can be shaped by our identities and the identities of others. The linear communication model is most like: This code-switching creates a linguistic dual consciousness in which people are able to maintain their linguistic identities with their in-group peers but can still acquire tools and gain access needed to function in dominant society (Yancy, 2011). Identity and communication are related in that we [4 pts.] In the United States, the population of people of color is increasing and diversifying, and visibility for people who are gay or lesbian and people with disabilities has also increased. An impairment is defined as any temporary or permanent loss or abnormality of a body structure or function, whether physiological or psychological (Allen, 2011). The womens rights movement in the United States dates back to the 1800s, when the first womens rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848 (Wood, 2005). There are obviously exceptions, with people in groups considered nondominant obtaining more resources and power than a person in a dominant group. Ive found that students I teach are hesitant to identify as a feminist because of connotations of the word. National and international groups like the Human Rights Campaign advocate for rights for lesbian, gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) communities. However, when I ask students to raise their hand if they believe women have been treated unfairly and that there should be more equity, most students raise their hand. While there are more women in the workforce now than ever before, they still face a glass ceiling, which is a barrier for promotion to upper management. During the early part of the 1900s, the eugenics movement was the epitome of the move to rehabilitate or reject people with disabilities (Allen, 2005). Getting others to behave in ways that we want is considered what type of goal? As you can see, there is a diversity of identities among sexual minorities, just as there is variation within races and genders. If they do, its usually because of repeated encounters with individuals or situations that challenge their acceptance of the status quo, such as befriending someone from a nondominant group or taking a course related to culture. Please subscribe or login. While this chapter seemed accurate in many 358 Words 2 Pages Satisfactory Essays (Vedantam, 2008) If diversity training is conducted to advance a companys business goals and out of an understanding of the advantages that a diversity of background and thought offer a company, then the training is more likely to be successful. C. find others' identities become our own through communication. Its primary contribution is the idea that ingroups seek to positively distinguish themselves from outgroups, which gives rise to social competition in which ingroups engage in comparisonsemphasizing certain attributes or achievementsthat favor the ingroup over other groups. Identification is ever more important in the online world, and identity-related crime is a growing problem related to this. Where unity and selflessness or altruism are valued traits in collectivist cultures, independence and personal identity are promoted in . B. are drawn to communicators who test and challenge our identity. Arguments sometimes develop over apparently trivial subjects like whose turn it is to wash the dishes or how to spend the weekend. c. Career advancement 2. In this classic work, the author establishes the term ethnocentrism and employs structural-functional theory to explain intergroup conflict, suggesting that scarcity of natural resources serves as a primary source of conflict between groups. Also at this time, Greek poet Sappho wrote about love between women. a. Why do you think the person ascribed the identity to you? Laws are passed to sterilize the socially inadequate, and during this time, more than sixty thousand people were forcibly sterilized in thirty-three states. Never pretend to understand if you are having difficulty doing so. You may be wondering how some groups came to be dominant and others nondominant. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. Effective Interpersonal Communication is strongly linked to good health, social happiness and career success. Leaning on or hanging on to a persons wheelchair is similar to leaning or hanging on to a person and is generally considered annoying. Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior. Both race and color were used on census forms. These individuals may begin to disassociate with their own dominant group because they feel like a curtain has been opened and their awareness of the inequality makes it difficult for them to interact with others in their dominant group. The authors write that one of the misconceptions of communication is that people think meanings are in words. 4. While this is not a separatist movement, a person who is hearing impaired may find refuge in such a group after experiencing discrimination from hearing people. You may see a person who likes to read science-fiction books, watches documentaries, has glasses, and collects Star Trek memorabilia and label him or her a nerd. Do you ever have difficulty discussing different cultural identities due to terminology? will tend to take on characteristics and exhibit behaviors that are consistent with positive attributes associated with that group. Qualitative communication is characterized by the treatment of each interactant as unique. So, as you read, think about how circumstances may be different for an individual with multiple nondominant and/or dominant identities. Psychological noise. It is important, however, that we not let political correctness get in the way of meaningful dialogues and learning opportunities related to difference. Identity is constructed in and through language and communication define our identity both directly and indirectly. Language serves as a means of communication and a way to transmit cultural knowledge from one generation . Looking in Looking Out Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet 1987. c. we put our thoughts into words. Even though heavy internet users are more likely to ignore family and friends, they make up for it with virtual relationships that serve the same needs. How do you see sexuality connect to identity in the media? Any of these identity types can be ascribed or avowed. Yep, G. A., My Three Cultures: Navigating the Multicultural Identity Landscape, in Intercultural Communication: Experiences and Contexts, eds. a. we make sense out of the messages sent by others. As society better adapts to people with disabilities, there will be more instances of interability communication taking place. Education plays an important role in language acquisition, and class relates to access to education. Just as with other cultural groups, if you are unsure of how to refer to someone, you can always ask for and honor someones preference. Qualitative communication is characterized by the treatment of each interactant as unique. Why is IAM important? The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Which of the guidelines listed did your training do well or poorly on? It suggests that these tendencies are not reciprocally related; rather, ingroup favoritism can be linked with a range of possible attitudes toward outgroups, from mild positivity to extreme hatred. Why or why not. If so, what did you learn or take away from the training? D. control communication with our identity. Ascribed identities are personal, social, or cultural identities that are placed on us by others, while avowed identities are those that we claim for ourselves (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) defines an individual with a disability as a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a person who has a history or record of such an impairment, or a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment (Allen, 2011). In order to be accepted as a member of a cultural group, members must be acculturated, essentially learning and using a code that other group members will be able to recognize. Latina and Latino are labels that are preferable to Hispanic for many who live in the United States and trace their lineage to South and/or Central America and/or parts of the Caribbean. The relational aspect of the communication. Intercultural communication competence (ICC) is the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts. The phrase people of color is acceptable for most and is used to be inclusive of other racial minorities. E-mailing In addition, identity and communication are mutually reinforcing. However, as we will learn later, developing intercultural communication competence can help us gain new perspectives, become more mindful of our communication, and intervene in some of these negative cycles. In fact, hierarchy and domination, although prevalent throughout modern human history, were likely not the norm among early humans. The final stage of dominant identity formation is integration. Teachers are also more likely to lead girls to focus on feelings and appearance and boys to focus on competition and achievement. Communication can be intentional or unintentional. Maurianne Adams, Warren J. Blumfeld, Rosie Casteneda, Heather W. Hackman, Madeline L. Peters, Ximena Zuniga (New York: Routledge, 2000), 9. Since we are often a part of them since birth, cultural identities are the least changeable of the three. Trace the historical development and construction of the four cultural identities discussed. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Elaborating the communication theory of identity: Identity gaps and Whether youve experienced a short-term disability or not, the majority of us will become less physically and cognitively able as we get older. White people may also feel anxious about communicating with people of color out of fear of being perceived as racist. Keeps your identities private in Azure Communication Services. Real-life and online relationships are becoming indistinguishable from one another. Race, gender, sexuality, and ability are socially constructed cultural identities that developed over time in relation to historical, social, and political contexts. They realize that they can claim their dominant identity as heterosexual, able-bodied, male, white, and so on, and perform their identity in ways that counter norms. This page titled 1.3: Social Construction of Cultural Identity is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Tammera Stokes Rice. Brenda Allen acknowledges the newer label of African American but notes that she still prefers black. Sexuality relates to culture and identity in important ways that extend beyond sexual orientation, just as race is more than the color of ones skin and gender is more than ones biological and physiological manifestations of masculinity and femininity. In 2011, Equal Pay Day was on April 11. is "the process of using the SENSES to acquire information about the surrounding environment or situation" Differences in perception between two people may be the result of people's * present feelings and circumstances * past experiences and roles * indentity factors According to the textbook, critics have argued that You could not be signed in, please check and try again. At the time, newly developing fields in natural and biological sciences took interest in examining the new locales, including the plant and animal life, natural resources, and native populations. In 2010, women earned about seventy-seven cents to every dollar earned by men (National Committee on Pay Equity, 2011). Have you ever participated in any diversity training? And people who insist that we are all equal may claim that minorities are exaggerating their circumstances or whining and just need to work harder or get over it. The person making these statements acknowledges difference but doesnt see their privilege or the institutional perpetuation of various -isms. Although Ive encountered many more people in the passive state of acceptance than the active state, some may progress to an active state where they acknowledge inequality and are proud to be in the superior group. This becomes problematic when we realize that standard English refers to a way of speaking English that is based on white, middle-class ideals that do not match up with the experiences of many. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. ABSTRACT. Bisexuals are rarely visible or included in popular cultural discourses or in social and political movements. It reflects the values, beliefs, and customs of a society. There are multiple models for examining identity development. Learning about difference and why it matters will help us be more competent communicators. Learning some of the communicative history of race can make us more competent communicators and open us up to more learning experiences. Instead, repeat what you have understood and allow the person to respond. Each of us has personal, social, and cultural identities. The five primary racial groups noted previously can still be broken down further to specify a particular region, country, or nation. Identity and communication are related in that we. Would it surprise you to know that human beings, regardless of how they are racially classified, share 99.9 percent of their DNA? this page. In these situations, it is more likely that stereotypes and prejudice will influence our communication. Most Internet users report the time they spend online has no influence on the amount of time they spend with their family or friends. Shipman, T., Nerds Get Their Revenge as at Last Its Hip to Be Square, The Sunday Telegraph, July 22, 2007, 35. 1. Vol. The cultural differences in how that significance is ascribed are proof that our way of doing things is arbitrary. Talking on a radio. Then we attempt to construct that gendered identity through our interactions with others, which is our gender expression. d. we create new ways of teaching communication to children. Most of peoples' problems are due to psychological barriers that have little to do with communication. There are four stages of nondominant identity development (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). Collectivism stresses the importance of the community, while individualism is focused on the rights and concerns of each person. My identity as a US American became very salient for me for the first time in my life when I studied abroad in Sweden. Employs a social psychological approach to examine the relationship between ingroup attachment and outgroup hostility. He talked about how, unlike other cultural identities that are typically stable over a lifetime, ability fluctuates for most people. for long Calling sessions). The term heterosexuality is coined to refer a form of sexual perversion in which people engage in sexual acts for reasons other than reproduction. Edited by S. Worchel and W. Austin, 724. Relax. What would a person who looked at this list be able to tell about you? Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. Additionally, legal and social changes have created a more open environment for sexual minorities and people with disabilities. 4 (1996): 318. As with other cultural identities, notions of sexuality have been socially constructed in different ways throughout human history. True A lack of social relationships may affect physical health and life span as dramatically as smoking or lack of physical activity. If you are unsure of which pronouns to use when addressing someone, you can use gender-neutral language or you can use the pronoun that matches with how they are presenting. 1.3: Social Construction of Cultural Identity a. gain an idea of who we are from the way others communicate with us. Throughout modern history, cultural and social influences have established dominant and nondominant groups (Allen, 2011). London: Routledge. The chair is part of the personal body space of the person who uses it. The following sentence may contain a subject-verb or pronoun-antecedent agreement error. For example, an African American may not have difficulty deciding which box to check on the demographic section of a survey. One intercultural communication scholar writes of his experiences as an Asianlatinoamerican (Yep, 2002). All this history is important, because it continues to influence communication among races today. As Western Europeans traveled to parts of the world previously unknown to them and encountered people who were different from them, a hierarchy of races began to develop that placed lighter skinned Europeans above darker skinned people. And various academic fields joined in the quest to prove there are natural differences between men and women. NuGet Gallery | Azure.Communication.Common 1.2.1 One only needs to observe popular culture and media for a short time to see that sexuality permeates much of our public discourse. You may have noticed I use the word gender instead of sex. Then, circle the word Sexuality is at the center of political issues like abortion, sex education, and gay and lesbian rights. Further, they may find it difficult to acknowledge that not being aware of this oppression is due to privilege associated with their dominant identities. The rarity of personal relationships is not necessarily unfortunate. Our authors write that because relationships that are unique, irreplaceable, interdependent, disclosing, and intrinsically rewarding are rare, qualitatively interpersonal communication is relatively scarce. Although there may still be residual anger from the discrimination and prejudice they have faced, they may direct this energy into positive outlets such as working to end discrimination for their own or other groups. For the purposes of exploring the communicative aspects of culture, we will define culture as the ongoing negotiation of learned and patterned beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors. For example, I once taught at a private university that was predominantly white. We may also unconsciously consume messages from popular culture that offer representations of gender. Difference matters because people are treated differently based on their identities and demographics and patterns of interaction are changing. 24. Were there any stereotypes involved?